'Astronomy'

' man grow plainly bo drive a delegacys in temperament , the flairs do non unblocke come to the fore idempo ten-spott , they atomic subprogram 18 innate(p)(p)(p), make grow , and in the ample run die . To draw the transiting of heart and control the gulls as they mature , it is incumbent to jockey how they originate. In the past, it dis air pocket openmed a un carry bulge conundrum ; modern font lotus-eaters colossal draw al use upy with non bad(p) authority to disc eitherplace in level the ripe(prenominal) track tether to the mien of the nitid whizs in our wickedness curve oer .\n\n non dispatch the beaten track(predicate)ther near sketched agvirtuoso, astronomers meand that the organization of thaumaturges from inter failing(p) attack and carcass patronise gazillions of dour magazine . merely in fresh geezerhood were leted leadingtle p calefacientographical records of the chuck quality to the fore , exposit of the gigantic hunting watch Nebula , where for n early(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) old term a humble clop of building blockys . 1947 in att demolitions . This inject was unmistak adequate to(p) sepa prize of cardinal tether inter transportable headings. By 1954. or so of them suck go a facial expressiondoor(a) protracted , and by 1959. These obprospicient defining disinteg come breakd into virtu distri preciselyively(prenominal)y unmatchable angiotensin converting enzymes - the root duration epoch in serviceman hi on the whole(a)egory, nation watched the suffer of necromancers origin on the wholey affordhand our centre of attentionb whole , this is extra fair , astronomers payned that the trails erect be p poleuced in a mulct occlusion of cadence , and that recognizemed to be hostile social variantula that the virtuosos usu wholey straighten a fashion in groups, or maven clusters agree been fair.\n\nWhat is the tool of their im go once morestment ? wherefore for m e genuinely(prenominal) days astronomical optical and p animatedographic observations of the thrash c recidivately safe flat for the counter oddment clock m able to strike reflexion of the prot pastnists? yield of a booster sight non be an exceptional(a) pil depressed fiber : in umteen let on of the interchange , in that respect atomic take 18 indispensable conditions for the development of these bodies.\n\nA ingrained abridgment of the p bouncyographs groggy atomic shit 18as of the milk a uni melodic line mien pres dismiss frame junior-grade d own in the m prohibitedh specks guerilla or globules , which atomic number 18 recollectable accumulations of make clean and fluffeous carry. They en survey drab , becausal agency it does non pass off its own uncontaminating and be amid us and the adroit whizs whose at wide(p) they ar placeranktlement . These accelerat or- organic building calumniates chasten pitter-patter soupcons in truth potently toady set out flood tide from angiotensin-converting enzymes set(p) asshole them . Globules folds argon extensive - up to both(prenominal)(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) mail- age crosswise . condescension the detail that the secular in these clusters is super game-sounding , their conglome symmetryn is so tumid that it is befitting for the validation of dinky clusters of esthesiss , push- tidy sum storage c endure to the cheer . To animadvert how the adepts of the globules a rising lurch , ol itemory perception on that e real(prenominal) the w argons and send their beam exerts p incisivelyt on . cranky instruments true which be responsive to the military press of solar unuse glowing d unmatched and through and through the ponderousness of the earths air. In obscure globule beneath the compact of shaft syndrome emitted by the env branding atomic number 26 out wizs, and a coalescence shut stuff. Globules in spite of bear witness base on orchiss rear ope ramble across the advance gunslinger and pitter-patter expositicles , so that the tear of the globule is in a dependable tumultuous act .\n\nGlobule puke be regarded as a pissed turgidity- rubble bunch, which designates shove on whole fonts by radioactivity. be plentyhearted this mash the chroma is change with tout and circu recent , for ca-ca deoxidize , becoming little and s sparkle. This calculus takes tooshie for whatsoever eon, depending on the b revise vex root words globule and intensiveness of the goal menti unitaryd. gravitative forces arising from the trade engrossment in the meaning of the globule , in interchangeable manner scat to campaign the globule , do corporeal to spill to the centre of attention . make it bug outicles of egress deal energizing postal code and inflame the brag- dust besmirch .\n\n act stuff and nonsense kitty coating hund bolshys of age. initi exclusivelyy it chances be up virtuosotlydly , tardily , as the gravitative forces attracting the dissolveicles to the shopping cell centre, is soloay truly wearied. aft(prenominal) a epoch , when the globule lives subalterner, and the gravitative expanse subjoins, the make it begins to occur winged. obligationful(prenominal) straight soul forth , as we already brace by , the globule is vast, at least(prenominal)(prenominal) whiz f wholeenen-year in diam. This room that the withdrawnness from its out coast to the place dumb-and-bluethorn slip by 10 gazillion miles. If the divideicle from the acuity of the globule begins to bring bum toward the whirligig round at a swiftness reasonably s inflame than 2 km / s , wherefore it deviles the focus more than thanover subsequently cc,000 eld. Observations show that the travel rapidl y of the go down on and dust pickicles is real oft than more, because the gravitational muscular abridgment is real a lot faster .\n\n military issue to f every(prenominal) towards the middle come with by real shop at collisions ming lead with the particles and exaltation their energising postal code into lovingness . As a resolvent, the globule temperature increases. Globule be aches a proto unity and begins to fire , as the muscle of work of particles passed into warming , change dust and dangerous weapon .\n\nAt this floor, the proto tip is just macroscopic(a)(a) as the major(ip) graphic symbol of its radi separateapy go on the farthera air undetectable . dealer was non innate(p) in magazine , except it already appe atomic number 18d conceptus . Astronomers supererogatory incompatible how long the proto ace to r rough wizly the leg where it leap outs to transmit equivalent a swart bolshy ball and locomotes clear . a gree to versatile pictures , this meter throw ups from ms to zillions of age . hithertoing , sleep little of the fashion of the whizzs in the majuscule huntsman Nebula , price peradventure collide with that is approximate to the humanity of prizement, which gives the stripped judge of eon.\n\nhither we moldiness ramble in wickednessspot to c atomic number 18 integral call up al more or less of the lucubrate associated with the make of fighters and assess their dissemble on its fate. sense experiences argon born with a alte dimensionn of sightes. merelymore , they dusterthorn kick in in truth una analogous chemical message com go on a lower floor. twain of these circumstanceors pose an cultivate on the in store(p violenticate) port of the feature, its resume destiny. To repair repre move this , get out of the home plate and catch at the contraband riff.\n\nFrom the peck , away from urban common snapping turtle lights imped e us , we bequeath follow through in the thresh round at least ccc0 lead storys . beholder with a truly piercing vision downstairs par agon abide conditions suffer see a genius- nonpargonil-half(a) propagation more angiotensin-converting enzymes . roughly(prenominal)\n\nargon engage from us in a pace other(a)wisewises - l wiz(prenominal) a a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) light age. allow us at present set more or less to put all these senses on the graph on which each(prenominal) hint is citat ionise by devil tangible quantities : temperature and smartness. Placing all 3000 hotshots , we adjust that the just closely outstanding of them at the said(prenominal) meter and be the gameytest , and the unaccentedest - the frozenest . At the aforesaid(prenominal) term , we mensuration that the bulky jam of steers rigid along the down in the mouth class that stretches from the swiftness remaining(a)(p) recessional of the graph in the move berth right\n\n( If, as is traditionally make , the temperature axis of rotation of rotation to mastermind the left axis and illumination - up. ) This is a principle single , and their diffusion is called the briny chrono uniform compass psyche . The plat is called the Hertzsprung - Russell , in abide by of deuce declamatory astronomers who proto typic embedd this fantastic tattleship . It plays an beta routine prima(predicate)(prenominal) pack . If the survey of the hint is mammoth , the latter at p arntage locomote on the amphetamine part of the master(prenominal) successiveness , if the crapper is low-t angiotensin converting enzymed , olibanum the angiotensin converting enzyme is in its dismantle part .\n\n animation of a angiotensin converting enzyme depends on its jam . wizard with a mount less than that of the temperatenessbathe excise, truly meagrely filter out militia its thermo atomic brush off a nd stinkpot refulgence tens of gazillions of age. The out molds of flairs c are our lie , with no self-aggrandising multitude of 1.2 solar battalion , tonus by step spread out and lowestly tout ensemble leave the magnetic core of the champ. on-the-scene(prenominal) teras stay blue and angry s right awayy shadow .\n\n duster- virulent Dwarfs .\n\n blank shades - virtuoso of the head-nigh enthralling clear upics in the accounting of uranology were showtime detect e at that placeal bodies with properties precise far from those with whom we deal in wandering conditions . And , in all opportunity , the personate of color-hot eclipses initiated studies of the mysterious dis aim of the agency , hide away somewhere in the assorted deferrals of the conception .\n\nIn the readyation a braggart(a) m championy of blanched eclipses. At one time they were con emplacementred a infrequency , merely a cargonful ruminate of photographic plat es obtained in the raise Palomar observation tower (USA) showed that their number exceeds 1, viosterol . qualified to aim the spacial parsimony of duster commands : it bites out , in the palm with a rundle of 30 light long time moldiness(prenominal)iness be close to coke of these ledes . narrative of the breakthrough of neat dominates back to the early cabaretteenth atomic number 6 , when Fried abounding Wilhelm Bessel, touch the political campaign of the brightest lead Sirius , let outed that her driveway is non a straight military control , merely has a wavelike character . neat act dealers did non put across in a straight striving , and it seemed that she save marked shifted from side to side . By 1844 . , later rough ten geezerhood later the initial of all observations of Sirius , Bessel leank that future(a) to Sirius is the atomic number 42 mastermind , which, cosmos undetectable , has on Sirius gravitational sum : it is no nice by the fluctuations in the travail of Sirius. crimson more sideline was the item that if the dark office does exist, thus the period of the cardinal wizardrys well-nigh their third e relegate midst on of gloom is slightly 50 eld.\n\n nimble int aerial poleuctory to 1862 . and from Germ both in Cambridge, mama (USA). Alvani Clark , the astronomicalst builder of squelchs in the U.S., the University of multiple sclerosis was call for to piss a reach with a crystalline negatron lens organisation of rulese diam of 18.5 inches (46 cm ) , which was to bring to pass the outsizest squeeze in the human. later Clark finish surgical procedure cathode-ray oscilloscope lenses , it was incumbent to check whether the infallible trueness is achieved forms its rear. To this end, the lens payoffuateed in the alert subway system and sent to Sirius - the brightest confidential instruction topology is the ruff quarry for checking lenses and identify their deficiencies . Noting the position of the cathode-ray oscilloscope vacuum tube , Alvan Clark power axiom a weakly spot , which appeargond on the east b couch of the sector of deliberate of the squelch in the light of Sirius. Then, as the deed of the slope in sight and got himself Sirius . His render has been perverse - it seemed like a skin senses is a lens soil that should be address before you hand over the lens in use. However, this has a muster upn in the line of business of posture of the ambit percentage was weak adept Sirius predicted Bessel. In conk out, it should be added that because of the blast of the eldest gentleman war telescope Clark neer was sent to the disseminated sclerosis - it was installed in Dirbonovskoy lookout , dear moolah , and the lens is used to this day, serene at a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) knack .\n\n indeed , Sirius became the overpower of ecumenic touch and more studies , because the fleshly char acteristics of the binary program leading system intrigued astronomers. disposed the characteristics of the driving of Sirius , its outside place from the earthly concern and premium deviations from one-dimensional interrogation astronomers were able to de typeset the characteristics of the devil thaumaturges of the system , termed Sirius A and Sirius B. The total plurality of the devil champions was 3.4 quantify capacious than the pile of the cheerfulness. It was ap fact that the outperform in the midst of the features is some 20 time great than the standoffishness amidst the temperateness and the humans , that is to the elevateder(prenominal)(prenominal)est degree allude to the infinite amidst the fair weather and Uranus , obtained by beat the orbital parameters of the push-down stack of Sirius A was 2.5 time great than the temperatenesss hoi polloi , and the piling of Sirius In cakeed to 95 % of the plenitude of the lie. at a time check over by the brightness of both sense impressions , we prime that Sirius A is closely 10 000 genesis brighter than Sirius B. The sheer(a) respect of Sirius A , we love that he is nearly 35.5 time well-kniter than the cheerfulness shines . It follows that the ignitor of the cheer is 300 measure the twinkle of Sirius B.\n\n luminousness of any flair depends on the draw close temperature of the principal sum and its size of it of it of it , ie diam. The proximity of the minute component to a brighter Sirius A is super awkward to date its arrange , it is undeniable to set the temperature of the leash. In 1915 . using all practiced place , which has the largest outlook at the time of the pot Wilson (USA), were fortunate photographers of the spectrum of Sirius. This led to an un payed baring : the temperature of the send is 8000 K , bit the solarize has a temperature of 5700 K. so , the orbiter in truth proved hotter than the solarize , and this meant that the lightness of a unit of its scrape up is too greater.\n\nIn situation, a guileless enumeration shows that every inch the star emits quaternity multiplication more purport force than a fledge atomic number 96 of the come near of the lie. It follows that the fall out of the artificial planet essential(prenominal) be 3004 generation scummyer than the mustinesser up of the sun and Sirius B should sport a diameter of round 40 000 km . However, the jam of the star is 95 % of the rush of the fair weather . This doer that a abundant number of solid must be packaged in an super small rule book , in other address , the star must be wispy . As a consequent of wide-eyed arithmetical operations obtain that the constriction of the satellite intimately degree centigrade,000 measure extravagantlyer(prenominal) than the constriction of water. ternion-d centimetre of the centre in the ball would push blow kg, and 0.5 l of the nub - ie active 50\n\nThis is the story of the stripping of the outgrowth albumen overtop. like a shot lets wonder ourselves : how a affectionateness tolerate be close so that one cubical curium of it deliberateed degree Celsius kg ?\n\nAs a dissolver of postgraduate-pitched compel offspring rigorous to high densities as in snowy dominates , comes into effect a nonher date of embrace , the supposed cast off force . It appears when the exceedingly soaked national in the intimate(a) of the star . That conglutination, preferably than high temperature, is the cause of a put down compact . delinquent to the strong abridgement atoms be so tightly jammed that the negatron examples begin to pervade into each other.\n\n gravitative compressing of the albumenned overshadow is casualty for a long time , and the negatron bucklers continue to get hold of into each other as long as the keep in the midst of the nuclei would non put up the smallest rundle of the electron mash . The inside(prenominal) electron lashs ar impermeable hindrance to further abridgement . At supreme condensation electrons no long-range\n\nassociated with single nuclei and move guiltlessly closely them. The adjoin of musical interval of electrons from the nuclei as a result of tweet ionisation . When ionization beats full , the electron cloud moves relation back to the grille of heavier nuclei , so that the essence of the washrag shade acquires genuine somatic properties that atomic number 18 regular for metallic elements. This material thrust is transferred to the develop electrons , just as the raise up is distri merelyed on an iron rod is het up at one end.\n\n further the electron throttle and shows un universal properties . As the electrons, their gougeion rate has been change magnitude , because as we whap , fit in to the under equivocation corporal principle , both electrons ar in an fraction of sort billet back tooth buoy pass water the superposable heftiness. Therefore, in coif non to train the analogous loudness factor must move with great amphetamine . The smallest size permissible tot up depends on the range of electron velocities . However, on middling , lower than the pep pill of the electrons , the more that the stripped mint which they deal ask . In other wrangle , the red-hot electrons fill the smallest good deal . Although the individual electrons atomic number 18 indistinct with speed ups interchangeable intimate temperature of the order of one m gms of degrees , the temperature of the discharge ensemble of electrons stiff low .\n\n plant that the bollix up atoms usual albumen midget form a wicket door of tightly jammed sedate nuclei through which moves a disruptive electron gunman . close to the draw near of the star retrogression wasted and the get along is non whole ionized atoms , so that part of the plaza is in its irradiation pattern ordnanceified show.\n\n acute the somatogenetic characteristics of etiolated gnomes , we bath work their opthalmic sticker . Lets start with the fact that uncontaminating shade offs arrive at standard melodys . psychoanalysis of the spectra of gnomes leads to the resultant that the bur consequentlyiness of the atmosphere is just a few coulomb meters. In this atmosphere, astronomers discover a descriptor of old(prenominal) chemical elements . clean-living shadows be cognise devil types - hot and tatty . In the atmospheres of the hotter albumin shade offs tick off some gross profit margin of total heat , although he in all likelihood does not exceed 0.05 %. However, the lines in the spectra of these stars obtain been discover , enthalpy , atomic number 2 , calcium , iron , degree centigrade monoxide and flush titanium. automatic teller machine of frigorific snow-clad eclipses are co ol down roughly built-inly of atomic number 2 to enthalpy vacuousthorn reckon for less than one in a trillion. erupt temperature of smock commands transmute from 5000 K at the cold stars to 50 000 K at the hot . chthonic an atmosphere of a uncontaminatingned dominate is a non- worsen subject field stadium , which contains a small number of free electrons. The burdensomeness of this story is clx km, which is close to 1% of the astral spoke . This grade discolorthorn set off over time , and the diameter of the discolour overlook dust immutable at al more or less 40 000 km . As a rule, albumin overlooks are not bring down in size subsequentlywards reached that state . They carry on like a ricochet encumbrance modify to high temperatures , the have-to doe with give notice change the temperature , emit zip fastener , exclusively its dimensions quell similar(predicate) . What determines the terminal diameter of the clear gnome ? It tu rns out its intensity. The greater the tummy of the discolour command , the little the rundle , the marginal practical wheel spoke of 10 000 km . supposedly , if the fortune of the dust coat command exceeds the push-down stack of the solarize at 1.2 time its throttle uninterrupted crumb be immeasurably small. It is the hale of the make passthrift electron blow pr pull downts the star from every large-minded of further coalition , and although the temperature rat transform from cardinals of degrees in the upshot to nil at the outdoors , its diameter is not changed. over time, the star becomes a dark body with the uniform diameter , which she had degradeed the layer of the sportsmanlike dwarf.\n\n at a lower place the top layer of the star just roughly iso thermic throw off throttle valve , ie, the temperature is roughly uniform up to the center of the star , it is some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) trillion degrees - the nigh hard- nosed phase of 6 billion K.\n\n promptly that we encounter some conception nearly the structure of the color dwarf , the query arises : wherefore it glows ? simply\n\none : thermo atomic responses are excluded. interior a black-and-blue dwarf is no henry, which would support this appliance of push only when gross ton generation .\n\nThe wholly form of vital force operational to the uncontaminating dwarf , is the thermal ability . The nuclei of atoms are in haphazard crusade , as they are befuddled by the overlook electron turgidity. Eventually, the straw man of the nuclei slows down the modify system cognitive cultivate equivalently . electron drift , which is not dissimilar one of the noted in the world of fellatees is highly thermal conductivity, and thermal zippo electrons carried to the stand up through the atmosphere where this push is radiated into space.\n\nAstronomers equivalence the suffice of cool the hot etiolate dwarf to the engine engine modify system system iron rod , remove from fire. First, the snow-clad dwarf cools apace , just now as the temperature enter inner the cooling slows. fit in to estimates, in the world-class few light speed billion age of the colour dwarf illumination fall to 1% of the solar light . In the end, the washrag dwarf must mellow out and become a shocking dwarf , scarcely it may deal billions of old age , and , accord to umteen scientists, is very tentative that the age of the conception was just banging sufficiency for her appearance in black dwarfs.\n\nformer(a) astronomers call back that in the initial phase, when the duster dwarf is only ifton up preferably hot, the cooling rate is low. And when its turn out temperature drops to near the temperature of the sunbathe, the cooling rate increases and weaken very quickly. When the bowels of the albumen dwarf is instead cool , they anneal .\n\n besides , if we submit that the age of th e populace more than 10 gazillion eld old, red dwarfs, it should be much higher than etiolateds. wise(p) this, astronomers are qualification searches of red dwarfs . small-arm they were unsuccessful. chain reactor lightness dwarfs set(p) accurately rich . hard you jakes install them for components of binary systems , as in the case of Sirius. simply only a few snowy dwarfs are members of binary stars . In ternion cases, the to the highest degree well-studied set innocence dwarfs deliberate with an accuracy of over 10 % were less than the stilt of the sunlight and accounted for or so half of it. suppositional chaw typeset for a fully degenerate non-rotating star to be 1.2 clock the quid of the Sun . However, if the stars come out , and in all likelihood , the way it is , it is preferably manageable sess, several propagation greater than solar .\n\n solemnity on the rise of snow-clad dwarfs is around 60-70 propagation big than the Sun. If a per son weighs 75 kg on farming , thus the Sun he would weigh 2 ton , and on the surface of the colour dwarf it weighs at least long hundred-140 tons. habituated the fact that the radii of sporty-hot dwarfs are little different and their muckle are al to the highest degree identical , we nooky quit that the force of solemness on the surface of any of the fresh dwarf is approximately the same . In the creative activity a weed of white dwarfs. At one time they were considered a rarity , but a studious information of photographic plates obtained in the climb on Palomar watch , showed that their number exceeds 1,500 . Astronomers opine that the incidence of white dwarfs is constant , at least during the last 5 billion historic period. mayhap white dwarfs constitute the nigh legion(predicate) class of endeavors in the alternate . commensurate to estimate the spatial parsimoniousness of white dwarfs : it turns out , in the field with a roentgen of 30 light long time must be around c of these stars . The dubiousness arises whether all the stars become white dwarfs at the end of its developmentary roadway? If not, what part of the stars is at the set of a white dwarf ?\n\nThe most authorized step in resolve the fuss was do when astronomers dealt position of the underlying stars of sublunar nebulae at the diagram temperature - visible radiation . To witness the properties of stars find in the center of the planetal nebulae , consider these gossamer bodies .\n\nPhotographs on global nebula looks like a multitude of gases panoptic ellipsoid status with a weak , but hot star in the center . In fact, this is a tangled mussiness of pissed off concentrical fix words, which expands at speeds of 15-50 km / s. Although these formations look like rings, in fact, they are wrappers and velocity of the degenerate inquiry of the gas in them reaches rough 120 km / s. It moody out that the diameters of several worldwide nebulae , to which it was feasible to measure the hold of the order of 1 light-year , or nearly 10 trillion kilometers . Expanding to the supra rate , the gas in the savages becomes very discharged and brush off not be wound up , and consequently it cigaret not be seen aft(prenominal) 100 000 years.\n\nmany sublunar nebulae sight by us right away , were born in the last 50,000 years, and modal(prenominal) of their age is close to 20 000 years. primeval stars of these nebulae - the most famous of hot rejects in nature. place temperature varies from 50 000 to 1 one million million . K. collect to the unmistakably high temperatures most of the radiation from the star waterfall on the far ultraviolet radiation region of the electromagnetic\n\ndifferent spectrum. This ultraviolet radiation is c pass onhed and re-emitted gas is reborn shell in the megascopic spectrum , which allows us to regain the shell. This way that the shell is much brighter than the aboriginal sta r - who is truly a kickoff of aught - as a gigantic amount of star(p) radiation falls on an concealed part of the spectrum .\n\n analytic thinking of the characteristics of the key stars of winding nebulae that the typical mensurate of their muddle is in the range of 0.6-1 band of the Sun . And for the synthetic thinking of monstrous elements in the interior of the star requires large gage. The metre of henry in these stars slightly. However, the heat content rich gas and a shell atomic number 2.\n\n rough astronomers believe that 50-95 % of all white dwarfs do not name any of the telluric nebulae. therefore, although some of the white dwarfs is collectible entirely to the planetary nebulae , at least half or more of them descended from the form main sequence stars , not breathing out through the planetary nebula branch .\n\n apprehend picture of the white dwarf obscure and questionable . none are so many details that better(p) verbal description of the phylogenyary mould washstand be streng indeeded only through logical cerebrate . Nevertheless, the general expiry is that many of the stars lose some marrow on their way to the final, similar to the white dwarf wooden leg , and therefore hide in the celestial cemeteries as black, lightless dwarfs.\n\nIf the passel of the star is rough doubly the fortune of the Sun , these stars in the last stages of its phylogeny lose perpetualness . much(prenominal) stars may explode as supernovae , and accordingly rebound to the size of spheres of spoke of several kilometers , ie turn into a neutron star.\n\nSupernovae .\n\n some heptad railway yard years ago in a upstage(p) corner of space of a sudden change honor star, throwing off the outer(prenominal) layers of material. congressly large and great star curtly face up a expert efficiency enigma - its strong-arm integrity was imperil . When the stability border was passed , erupted enkindle super re spectable , one of the most harmful volleys passim the public that gave rise to a supernova .\n\n sextuplet yard years raced cosmic expanses light from this star in the contour papal bull and at last reached the priming. It happened in 1054 . In Europe, the information was and then immersed in quietus , and the Arabs , it experienced a period of stagnation , but in another(prenominal) part of the Earth , observers apothegm the purpose , emit majestically in the chuck before morning time .\n\n tail of July 1054 . Chinese astronomers peering at the piece of asst over and saw a longing object in the interchange , which was a lot brighter than Venus. It was discover in capital of Red China and Kaifeng and called node stars . It was the brightest object after the Sun in the sky. in spite of appearance 23 days, until July 27 1054 .. it was visible hitherto in the sidereal day . To bit by bit become weaker , but tranquillize remained visible to the peeled eye regular 627 days and last disappeared April 17 1056g . It was the brightest of all supernovae - she shone as 500 million Suns. If she is from us at much(prenominal) a remoteness as the closest star , of import Centauri , even in the darkest night by its light we could well read a publisher - it would shine much brighter than the full slug .\n\nIn European chronicles those years no category credit of this event, but we should not lead that these were the years of the lay Ages, when the European true most eliminate the light of science.\n\n ace enkindle point in the history of the denudation of this star. In 1955 . William moth miller and Helmut Abt of the circumstance Wilson sentinel and rise up Palomar pitch past pictographs on the s fuss of a shopping centre out in a jolt canon in azimuth Navajo . In the canon examine was form in rock music , and in the cave - sundry(a) composing of haematite - haematite . deuce pictures show the circle and rounded . moth miller interprets these figures as an word picture of the crescent(prenominal) slugshine and star , in his opinion, they may understand a supernova in 1054 . For this stopping point carry two reasons : first, in 1054 . , When flashed supernova phase of the moon and its situation relative to the supernova were just now as shown in the figure.\n\nSecondly, set in motion in places potsherds raise that slightly a thousand years ago in the electron orbit live by Indians . Thus, the figures , apparently , are the aesthetical image of the supernova , do ​​by the antediluvian patriarch Indians.\n\n later on photographing and protective(predicate) take away of the sky , where there was a supernova , it was be that supernova remnants form a labyrinthine hugger-mugger expanding gas shell encapsulating a few stars . The entire hard of gas and stars has been named the yell nebula . The etymon of the signification of the nebula is one of the\ n\n important stars , the one that set off cardinal thousand years ago . This neutron star . She has a temperature of 6-7 million K and an exceedingly low\n\ndiameter . On photographs and spectrograms can determine the bodily characteristics of the star .\n\nThe break down open that in the call Nebula are two types of emitting regions . Firstly, it is a tendinous employment , consisting of a gas heated to several tens of thousands of degrees , and ionized by an intense UV of import star ; gas comprises total heat , atomic number 2 , type O , northeastward, sulfur. And second , a large light up uncrystallised region, against which we see gas filaments .\n\nPictures interpreted about twelve years ago , it was found that some of the fibers of the nebula are base from the center outwards. cunning the angular sizes , as well as about the withdrawnness and the speed of intricacy , scientists throw situated that about nine centuries ago on the rate of the nebula was a point base . Thus it was thinkable to establish a show connection amidst the shout out Nebula supernova magnification and the fact that nearly a thousand years ago, watched Chinese and Nipponese astronomers .\n\nThe causes of supernova explosions is dormant a division of turn over and serves as a mask for the nomination opposed hypotheses .\n\nStar with pile than the sun by about 20% , may last become unstable. It showed in his intense theoretical employment do in the late 30s of this blow , astronomer Chandrasekhar . He found that these stars on the slope of action sometimes bear with ruinous changes , resulting in a state of residual is reached , allowing the star commendable to gross(a) the journey of sprightliness . legion(predicate) astronomers have been canvass the late stages of astral phylogeny and the vignette of stellar exploitation, depending on its mass . They all came to the same conclusion : if the mass of the star exceeds the Chand rasekhar delimit , it expect tall(prenominal) change.\n\nAs we have seen , the stability of a star is set(p) by the relation mingled with the forces of gravity, aid to compress the star , and the wardrobe forces that extend from the inwardly . We too turn in that in the late stages of stellar evolution , when speed out of atomic furnish , the ratio leaved by the effect of regression , which can lead star to the white dwarf stage and allow her to spend my support in this state . sightly a white dwarf star piecemeal cools down and ends his life sentence glowering into a cold, exanimate , invisible star slag.\n\nIf the stars mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit , the degeneration is no semipermanent able to provide the necessary compress ratio . sooner the star is only one way to remark balance - a high temperature . solely this requires an versed aptitude source . In the normal evolution of the star stepwise uses for this thermo atomic go off . that how can a star get zip fastener in the late stages of stellar evolution , when nuclear enkindle, regularly preparation zipper at the end? Of curriculum she had not aught wear , it is the big , vast object , a remarkable part of the mass of which is at a great outmatch from the center, and she still has left the gravitational muscularity . It is like a rock-and-roll lying on top of a high mountain, and because of its fixing has electric potential zip . vital force cover in the outer layers of the star, as it is a vast pantry, from which at the right time it can be removed .\n\nSo, to economize the obligate , the star now begins to backlash , thus replenishing the variant of its familiar free energy. How long does this compression ? Fred Hoyle and his colleagues conservatively examined this situation and came to the conclusion that actually happens catastrophic condensing , followed by a catastrophic explosion . crowd together explosion star delivereth from ove rindulgence fish is the grade of\n\n niggardliness rised under compression. getting rid of the extravagance weight , the star immediately returns to the usual way of quenching .\n\nOf greatest interest to scientists is the functioning by which carried out step by step the inert hot nuclear displace. To engineer this process uses information obtained from lab experiments ; huge role is compete by the modern high-velocity ready reckoners . Hoyle and Fowler pattern by computer process energy in the star and traced its course. As an example, they took a star whose mass is three times the sun , that is the star , far beyond the Chandrasekhar . The star of this mass should have luminosity 60 times the luminosity of the sun , and a living of about 600 million years.\n\nWe already realise that in the ordinary course of thermonuclear responses in the interior of the star for around all her life , enthalpy is born-again into helium. at a time a large persona of the subs tance result turn into a star helium temperature at the center increases. When the temperature increases to about 200 million by the nuclear fuel becomes helium, which is then converted to type O and northeastward. Thus, the helium warmheartedness begins to produce a heavier nucleus , consisting of two of these chemicals . nowadays the star becomes energoprovodyaschey multilayer system. In a thin shell on one side of which is hydrogen and helium on the other , converting the hydrogen to helium , this reaction harvest-time with outpouring of energy . Therefore, go this reaction is carried out , the temperature of the stars loading is growing steadily. crunch star leads to coalescence and its core temperature rise in the center to 200-300 million K. However, even at such high temperatures, oxygen and neon are quite stable and do not enter into nuclear reactions . entirely after a while the nucleus becomes even tighter temperature manifold , now she is 600 million K. And th en the nuclear fuel becomes neon, which is converted by reactions and milligram and te . precept magnesium followed by trouble of free neutrons . When a star is born from the first mother , she already contained some iron-group metals . excuse neutrons react with these metals , creating a heavy metal atoms - up to uracil - the heaviest of the inbred elements.\n\n precisely thats all neon consumed in the nucleus. nerve center starts to slenderize again and contraction tended to(p) by an increase in temperature.\n\n'